Creating Multi-Value Enums in Python

Say you’re creating an enum type in Python and you want each enum member to have one or more additional constant attributes alongside value, but these attributes can’t be easily derived from value (and thus don’t make for good @propertys). The Python docs provide an example involving planets similar to what you want, but on closer inspection, you see it won’t do — the example code produces an enum whose members’ values are tuples of the other attributes, whereas you want or need value to be something else. Is there a way to define enum members with a combination of a “main” value and a set of “extra” values?

Yes. Yes, there is.

For a specific example, let’s say you want to define an enum for cardinal and ordinal directions where the members’ values are human-readable names used in some data source you have to parse and each member should additionally have x and y attributes giving the deltas to add to a coordinate’s components in order to move a step in the respective direction. That is, you want the following to evaluate as shown:

>>> Direction("north-west")
<Direction.NORTH_WEST: 'north-west'>
>>> Direction.NORTH_WEST.value
'north-west'
>>> Direction.NORTH_WEST.x
-1
>>> Direction.NORTH_WEST.y
1

The solution is to define each enum member with a tuple of the value and extra attributes, and then write a __new__ method that assigns the elements of the tuple (which are passed as arguments to __new__) appropriately, like so:

from enum import Enum

class Direction(Enum):
    NORTH      = ("north", 0, 1)
    NORTH_EAST = ("north-east", 1, 1)
    EAST       = ("east", 1, 0)
    SOUTH_EAST = ("south-east", 1, -1)
    SOUTH      = ("south", 0, -1)
    SOUTH_WEST = ("south-west", -1, -1)
    WEST       = ("west", -1, 0)
    NORTH_WEST = ("north-west", -1, 1)

    def __new__(cls, value, x, y):
        obj = object.__new__(cls)
        obj._value_ = value
        obj.x = x
        obj.y = y
        return obj

# Check that `value` and other attributes are what they're supposed to be:
for d in Direction:
    print(f"{d!r} {d.name=} {d.value=} {d.x=} {d.y=}")

# Member access by value uses only the "main" value:
print(f"{Direction('north')=}")

Output from the above script:

<Direction.NORTH: 'north'> d.name='NORTH' d.value='north' d.x=0 d.y=1
<Direction.NORTH_EAST: 'north-east'> d.name='NORTH_EAST' d.value='north-east' d.x=1 d.y=1
<Direction.EAST: 'east'> d.name='EAST' d.value='east' d.x=1 d.y=0
<Direction.SOUTH_EAST: 'south-east'> d.name='SOUTH_EAST' d.value='south-east' d.x=1 d.y=-1
<Direction.SOUTH: 'south'> d.name='SOUTH' d.value='south' d.x=0 d.y=-1
<Direction.SOUTH_WEST: 'south-west'> d.name='SOUTH_WEST' d.value='south-west' d.x=-1 d.y=-1
<Direction.WEST: 'west'> d.name='WEST' d.value='west' d.x=-1 d.y=0
<Direction.NORTH_WEST: 'north-west'> d.name='NORTH_WEST' d.value='north-west' d.x=-1 d.y=1
Direction('north')=<Direction.NORTH: 'north'>

Now, if you’re type-checking with mypy (and you really should be), you’ll likely hit some errors on the above code, even after adding annotations to __new__. Specifically, as of mypy 0.931, there are two outstanding mypy issues that affect the above snippet:

• Issue #1021 means that mypy ignores attribute assignments in __new__, so it won’t recognize x and y as attributes of Direction, leading to print(f"… {d.x=} {d.y=}") being seen as erroneous. There are two ways to make mypy aware of the extra-value attributes: either add annotations for them in the main body of the class, like so:

  class Direction(Enum):
      NORTH      = ("north", 0, 1)
      # [snip]
      NORTH_WEST = ("north-west", -1, 1)
  
      # Add these two lines:
      x: int
      y: int
  
      def __new__(cls, value: str, x: int, y: int) -> Direction:
          ...
  

  … or else move the extra-value assignments to an __init__ method, like so:

  class Direction(Enum):
      NORTH      = ("north", 0, 1)
      # [snip]
      NORTH_WEST = ("north-west", -1, 1)
  
      def __new__(cls, value: str, x: int, y: int) -> Direction:
          obj = object.__new__(cls)
          obj._value_ = value
          return obj
  
      def __init__(self, value: str, x: int, y: int) -> None:
          self.x = x
          self.y = y
  

• The second mypy problem is issue #10573: mypy is not aware of the Enum class’s trickery with its constructor, so when it sees Direction('north') on the last line, having already seen a Direction.__new__ that takes three arguments, it thinks there are two arguments missing from the Direction() call. Unfortunately, at time of writing, there does not seem to be a way around this other than just slapping a “# type: ignore[call-arg]” comment on each call to a multi-value enum type.